Multidimensional assessment of ovarian and uterine tumor risk factors: in-depth prevention and treatment from endocrine disorders to obesity risk.

(III) Etiological Factors and Prevention of Ovarian Tumors The etiological factors of ovarian tumors are unclear, but environmental and endocrine influences are the most important among them. According to epidemiological and etiological surveys, the etiological factors are as follows: (1) Environmental factors. The incidence of ovarian cancer is high in industrialized countries and upper-class women, which may be related to high cholesterol in their diet. In addition, ionizing radiation, asbestos, and talc can affect oocytes and increase the chance of inducing ovarian tumors. Smoking and vitamin A, C, and E deficiencies may also be related to the onset of the disease. (2) Endocrine factors. Ovarian tumors mostly occur in nulliparous or childless women. Pregnancy seems to have an antagonistic effect on ovarian tumors. It is believed that repeated damage to the surface epithelial cells of the ovary caused by daily ovulation is related to the occurrence of ovarian tumors. In addition, breast cancer and endometrial cancer are often accompanied by ovarian tumors. All three diseases are dependent on estrogen. (3) Genetic and familial factors. About 20% to 25% of ovarian tumor patients have immediate family members with tumors. (IV) Preventive Measures (1) Vigorously promote a diet high in protein and vitamins A, C, and E, and avoid a diet high in cholesterol. High-risk women should use oral contraceptives. (2) Women over 30 years of age should have a gynecological examination once a year. High-risk groups should be screened from childhood, and B-ultrasound examination and routine examination for alpha-fetoprotein should be performed. (3) Early detection and early treatment. Ovarian cystic masses with a diameter greater than 6 cm should be surgically removed and sent for pathological examination as usual. This is because benign masses may become malignant if they continue to grow. Solid ovarian masses, regardless of size, should be surgically removed as soon as possible. Frozen section examination should be performed during the operation to determine the scope of the operation. For pelvic masses with unclear diagnosis or ineffective conservative treatment, laparoscopic examination or exploratory laparotomy should be performed as soon as possible. All patients with breast cancer or gastrointestinal cancer should have routine gynecological examinations after surgery and be followed up regularly to detect metastatic cancer early.

IX. High-risk groups for uterine cancer are sub-healthy groups (I) High-risk groups for uterine cancer (1) Middle-aged women aged 44-55. (2) Women living in mountainous or rural areas. (3) Those with a family history of tumors. (II) Women should prevent uterine cancer Generally speaking, cervical cancer is the most common type of uterine cancer among East Asians. Due to advancements in diagnostic techniques and treatment methods, as well as the acceptance of early physical examinations or group examinations by modern people, the number of people dying from uterine cancer has decreased significantly. For example, in Japan, uterine cancer accounted for 30% of all cancer deaths in the past, but now it has decreased to 9.7%. From these facts, it can be seen that the cure rate of uterine cancer has exceeded the incidence rate of uterine cancer. And most of the uterine cancers suffered by Japanese people are cervical cancer. Don't be ashamed. When you suspect that you have uterine cancer, it is very important to get a professional doctor's examination as soon as possible. However, modern people are busy with work, especially working women living in cities. By the time they go to the hospital for examination, many have already been diagnosed with uterine cancer, and most of them have delayed the detection period, which means they have missed the treatment period. Some people feel ashamed to talk about this disease and avoid seeking medical attention due to inexplicable embarrassment. Modern people should have a thorough understanding of uterine cancer and should not be embarrassed to undergo physical examinations. They should also avoid taking hormones or having abortions without medical advice. As mentioned above, the rate of cervical cancer in Japan is very high, accounting for almost 96% of all uterine cancers. Perhaps because of this, uterine examinations are particularly thorough. Anatomically speaking, initial symptoms appear very early, resulting in a high cure rate. The uterus is located where the examiner can see it with the naked eye and is easily accessible to fingers or gynecological instruments, making cell examination relatively easy. For these reasons, early detection of uterine cancer is achievable. Women who are usually very careful and cautious will discover symptoms early, but some women may not have any symptoms in the early stages, so regular checkups are recommended. (III) Obesity in Women Induces Uterine Cancer. Obesity is not only a scourge of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases but also a contributing factor to uterine cancer. Experts at the recent "Nutrition and Obesity Symposium" issued this warning. A study showed that obesity has become a high-risk factor for gynecological tumors, especially endometrial cancer. The attending physicians agreed that obese women are more prone to hypertension and often experience endocrine hormone imbalances, with estrogen being a major contributing factor to endometrial cancer. Excessive synthesis of sex hormones in women leads to increased estrogen storage in fat cells, making the endometrium more susceptible to cancerous changes under the long-term influence of estrogen, especially in obese menopausal women, whose incidence of endometrial cancer is 2-4 times higher than in non-obese women. It was revealed that breast cancer currently has the highest incidence rate among gynecological tumors in Chinese women, accounting for 11%. Approximately 200,000 women worldwide die from cervical cancer each year; it is also one of the most common malignant tumors in Chinese women, ranking second in incidence among female cancers. Experts pointed out that to significantly reduce the incidence of gynecological tumors in women, early diagnosis and treatment are crucial, such as annual cervical smear tests and monthly breast examinations. In daily life, obesity in women is closely related to nutrition. Nutritionists believe that controlling protein, carbohydrates, or fat ultimately reduces calorie intake. To reduce the incidence of endometrial cancer, weight loss is important. A gradual and sustainable plan should be developed. The ideal combination is to control fat intake and increase exercise and strength training. In addition, if symptoms such as menstrual disorders or delayed menopause occur, a medical examination should be sought as soon as possible. (IV) Risk Factors of Uterine Cancer High-risk groups for uterine cancer include postmenopausal women with early or late menopause; those with obesity, diabetes, or hypertension; those with few or no children; infertility; irregular menstruation; or endometrial hyperplasia. Women taking tamoxifen for breast cancer treatment have a very low risk of developing the disease. However, women taking birth control pills are almost half as likely to develop uterine cancer as postmenopausal women who do not take them. The sensitivity of endometrial cancer is related to the level of estrogen in the endometrium that is not antagonized by progesterone. The reason is that as cells divide rapidly, the chance of cancer cell mutation increases. When estrogen stimulates cell division, progesterone inhibits cell division. Hormone replacement therapy for postmenopausal women, using a combination of estrogen and progesterone, can reduce the risk of endometrial cancer. However, women using hormone replacement therapy should have regular checkups to detect signs of endometrial cancer. (V) How to prevent uterine cancer: Treatment of uterine cancer is one aspect, but early prevention is even more important. The occurrence of uterine cancer is closely related to factors such as early marriage, premature birth, multiple births, poor sexual hygiene, inflammation, and cervical erosion. Therefore, family planning, health education, women's health care, women's disease screening, and active treatment of cervicitis and cervical dysplasia can all play a role in preventing the incidence of uterine cancer. Have a cervical smear and pelvic exam every year. If you are of childbearing age, consider the benefits and risks of taking doctor-prescribed birth control pills. At any age, maintain good health by controlling your weight through exercise and a low-fat diet.