Prevention and control of respiratory and glandular cancers: Assessment of high-risk factors for lung cancer and early warning of the trend of breast cancer occurring in younger people

(I) High-risk groups for rectal cancer are sub-healthy individuals with rectal cancer: (1) Those over 50 years of age; (2) Those with a family history of polyps or colon cancer, or those who have had polyps or colon cancer themselves; (3) Those with a history of inflammatory bowel disease. (II) Risk factors for rectal cancer: (1) Colonic factors (adenomatous polyps); (2) Inflammatory bowel disease; (3) There are reports of increased incidence of colon cancer after cholecystectomy. (III) Prevention of rectal cancer: Actively prevent and treat early-stage lesions of colon cancer. Remove lesions as early as possible, avoid high-fat diets, eat more fiber-rich foods, and pay attention to maintaining smooth bowel movements.

V. High-risk groups for lung cancer include sub-healthy individuals. (I) Long-term smokers over 40 years old: 70% to 80% of lung cancer patients in my country are related to smoking. The incidence of lung cancer among smokers is more than 10 times higher than that among non-smokers. Smokers who smoke more than 20 cigarettes a day have an incidence of lung cancer that is more than 20 times higher. The younger the age at which one starts smoking, the longer the number of years one smokes, and the greater the amount of cigarettes smoked daily, the greater the risk of developing lung cancer. (II) Those frequently exposed to coal smoke or fumes: The combustion products of coal, coal tar, or other oils are carcinogenic. The incidence of lung cancer is higher among workers working with gas, asphalt, and coking coal than in the general population. (III) Those exposed to excessive radiation: A large number of lung cancer patients first appeared among workers mining radioactive ores on both sides of the European Alps. Radon and its decay products in a mine in southern my country exceeded the standard by many times, also causing many lung cancer patients among older miners. (iv) Individuals occupationally exposed to inorganic arsenic, asbestos, chromium, nickel, etc., with high exposure volumes, long exposure times, and lack of protective measures, have a risk of developing lung cancer several to tens of times higher than the general population. (v) Patients with chronic lung diseases such as chronic bronchitis and tuberculosis have a higher risk of developing lung cancer than the general population. Therefore, actively preventing and treating chronic lung diseases and encouraging them to quit smoking are of great significance in preventing lung cancer. (vi) Chronic cough, blood in sputum, or positive occult blood in sputum are common symptoms of early-stage lung cancer. Be alert to these symptoms.

VI. High-risk groups for breast cancer are sub-healthy groups. The global incidence of breast cancer is increasing at a rate of 0.2% to 3% per year. In developed Western countries such as Europe and the United States, breast cancer has become one of the leading causes of death for women. One in every 8 to 10 women will develop breast cancer in their lifetime. The incidence of breast cancer in my country is much higher than before 1978. In the 1970s, the annual incidence of breast cancer in major Chinese cities was about 23 per 100,000, while now it has reached more than 40 per 100,000 in major cities such as Shanghai, Beijing, and Tianjin, almost doubling. (1) The incidence of breast cancer continues to rise. Compared with 1991, the mortality rate of breast cancer in Chinese cities increased by 38.9% in 2000 and by 39.7% in rural areas. (2) The age of onset of breast cancer is becoming younger. Now it has been brought forward to 35 to 40 years old. The younger the breast cancer patient, the more difficult the treatment. (3) The peak incidence of breast cancer occurs at age 40 and a second peak occurs around age 50. (4) Chinese women have a poor awareness of breast cancer prevention. Many patients only seek treatment when the disease has progressed to an advanced stage, at which point the chances of a cure are already very small.

(I) High-risk groups for breast cancer are sub-healthy individuals. (1) Women whose menarche occurs before the age of 13 have a 2.2 times higher risk of developing breast cancer than women whose menarche occurs after the age of 17. Women whose menopause occurs after the age of 55 have a twice the risk of developing breast cancer compared to women whose menopause occurs before the age of 45. Women who have menstruated for more than 40 years have a twice the risk of developing breast cancer compared to women who have menstruated for less than 30 years. (2) Women over 40 years of age who are unmarried, nulliparous, or have not breastfed. Breastfeeding can reduce the risk of developing breast cancer, possibly because it delays postpartum ovulation and the re-establishment of menstruation, and allows for the full development of breast tissue. (3) Women with a family history of breast cancer. Women with a family history of breast cancer in their first-degree relatives have a 2 to 3 times higher risk of developing breast cancer than the general population. Women who have had cancer in one breast have a higher risk of developing cancer in the other breast. (4) Women with benign breast diseases. Patients with pathologically confirmed lobular hyperplasia or fibroadenoma have a twice the risk of developing breast cancer compared to the general population. Breast cystic hyperplasia or single or multiple intraductal papillomas of the breast are precancerous diseases. (5) Late middle age of women. The high-incidence age of breast cancer is after 45 years of age. (6) Long-term high-fat diet. In animal experiments, feeding mice with a high-fat diet can increase the incidence of breast cancer in animals. Fat has a carcinogenic effect in the formation of breast tumors. The increased risk of breast cancer due to fat is related to the accelerated growth and development of children and early sexual maturity of fat. It exposes breast epithelial cells to estrogen and prolactin earlier, thereby increasing the chance of cancer.

(II) Early Clinical Manifestations of Breast Cancer 1. Breast Lump: The main manifestation of breast cancer is a lump in the breast, which is often an early symptom. Most patients experience no pain; only less than one-third experience some stabbing or dull pain, but it is not very noticeable. Approximately 60% of lumps are located in the upper outer quadrant of the breast, and are round or irregular in shape. In the early stages, the cancerous tissue has not infiltrated, and the lump is still mobile. However, because breast cancer lumps are very similar to benign breast tumors in many ways, it is inaccurate to determine their nature solely by palpation; a medical examination is necessary. 2. Unilateral Nipple Discharge: Sudden nipple discharge (milky, bloody, or watery fluid) in non-lactating women should be noted, as some of these cases may indicate breast cancer.