A Comprehensive Analysis of Blood Glucose Monitoring and Diabetes Complication Screening

Urine Glucose Test:

Standard: Positive (+) urine glucose after a meal.

The amount of glucose in urine is divided into 5 stages from negative to positive. The test strip is immersed in urine, and the sugar content is determined based on the color change of the test strip.

●C-Peptide Release Test

Standard value for C-peptide: 0.8–4.0 μg/L.

C-peptide is a good indicator of the body's ability to secrete insulin and can differentiate between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

●Insulin Release Test

Fasting standard value: 5–25 mg/L.

75g of glucose is ingested orally. Blood glucose and insulin levels are measured at fasting times and at 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes after glucose ingestion.

Examination for Complications:

●Urine Ketone Test
Standard: Negative (-) qualitative test. When glucose metabolism is abnormal, the body will break down fat to supplement energy. Excessive fatty acid production leads to ketone body formation, and increased ketone bodies can cause diabetic ketoacidosis and coma. Therefore, this test can determine the risk level.

●Urine Protein Test
Standard: Qualitative test negative (I); Quantitative test below 100 mg/day.

Measures urine protein levels to check for diabetic nephropathy.

●Microalbumin Test
Standard value: Below 30 mg/day
Measures blood protein and urine albumin levels. This is important for early detection of diabetic nephropathy and should be performed every 6 months to 1 year.

●Blood Lipid Test
Standard values ​​for total cholesterol: 3.2–7 mmol/L for men; 3.2–6.3 mmol/L for women.

●Eye Examination
Checks for diabetic retinopathy and fundus examination for vascular abnormalities. Performs examinations every 6 months.

●Neurological Function Examination
Assesses for diabetic neuropathy, including sensory examination, muscle reflex examination, and heart rate measurement.

●Liver Function Test
Performs examination every 6 months. If a blood glucose test diagnoses diabetes or borderline diabetes, further examination at a medical institution is necessary. The specific procedure is as follows:

● Doctor's Inquiry: Inquire about any abnormal symptoms, past medical history, and lifestyle habits.

● Urine Glucose Test: A urine glucose test checks the fasting blood glucose level.

● Height and Weight Measurement: Body Mass Index (BMI) = Actual weight / Height squared.

A BMI between 18.5 and 23.9 is considered normal; below 18.5 is underweight; above 24 is overweight; and above 25 is obese.

● Blood Glucose Test: Blood glucose levels are measured at 30 minutes, 1 hour, and 2 hours after fasting and in a quiet state.

● Eye Examination: A general examination to determine if complications are present. Fundus photography is used to examine the condition of the capillaries in the fundus.

● Result Confirmation: Obtain the examination report from the doctor. If diagnosed with diabetes, a treatment plan will be provided. Specific details may vary depending on the hospital.